Search results for U.16. Long Civil Rights Movement: The Women's Movement in the South   
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May 25 2010 (6)
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Graves, Bingham. (2)
Ivins, Melody, 1955- (2)
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  Interview no.: Interviewee: Date: Restrictions: Abstract:
1. U-0415 DeSelm, Bee. May 24 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Bee DeSelm begins the interview with a discussion of her childhood in Columbus, Ohio. She also talks about her experience growing up during the Depression; World War II; Nursing degree from Ohio State University during WWII; discrimination she faced as an
2. U-0416 Pharr, Suzanne. May 27 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Pharr begins the interview with talking about her childhood in Hog Mountain, Georgia; hardships and joys of a Southern rural community; father’s mill accident; her awareness of her own sexuality in a setting where there was no language or frame for lesbianism; her family’s involvement in the local Methodist Church and the loss of her faith at an early age; lace of interaction with African Americans in Jim Crow South; family decision to educate women over and above men; experience at the Women’s College of Georgia in Millidgeville; class and racial differences in the rural South; entrance into progressive politics; decision to major in English based off her childhood love of reading; lesbian underground amongst faculty at Women’s College; feelings of anger after her roommate charged her of homosexuality; peripheral civil rights involvement and her encounter with the Ku Klux Klan in Millidgeville. Pharr then describes her re-location to Buffalo, New York to pursue her masters; a Malcolm X talk on Buffalo campus; relationship with Flannery O’Connor while an undergrad; forming lesbian relationships and friendships while in the closet; discrimination she experienced as a southerner in the North; employment as a lecturer at Young Harris college and Mary Washington College; expatriation to New Zealand with girlfriend for a few years to teach; around-the-world trip; Calcutta visit that changed her views on systematic poverty; participation in the Woman’s Movement and anti-war movement; pursuit of a PhD at Tulane in New Orleans; her political re-education; the pain and shame of being a closeted lesbian; coming out in her women’s consciousness raising group; NOW’s purge of lesbians; lesbian feminist movement; organizing burn out; the end of her first serious romantic relationship and their lifelong friendship; Ballot Measure 9 campaign in Oregon; time spent in a lesbian farm co-op in Arkansas; lesbian music scene; organizing against pesticides, and in particular agent orange; employment at Head Start in Fayetteville, Arkansas and targeted anti-homosexual campaign against her appointment; role in the founding of the first battered women’s shelter in Fayetteville; use of homophobia to foil feminist politics; professionalization of women’s domestic violence shelters; the Women’s Project in Arkansas and the founding of State Domestic Violence Coalition. Pharr closes the interview with a discussion on the rise of right wing and subsequent attacks on The Women’s Project; monitoring of far right groups; setting up women’s prison initiatives; founding of Women’s Watchcare Network to monitor everyday racial and gender injustice; attempts to classify violence against women as a hate crime and her directorship of Highlander.
3. U-0417 Scott, Nan. May 26 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Scott discusses her childhood in Fountain City, Tennessee; insider/outsider status in the community as daughter of Northern migrants; college experiences at University of Tennessee, Knoxville; experience as a guidance counselor in inner city schools during Knoxville school desegregation; work developing Title VI programs for Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); sexual discrimination on the job; dissertation on sexual portrayal in network television advertisements; involvement in Knoxville’s Women’s Center; the struggle to pass and maintain the Equal Rights Amendment; local abortion protests; Women’s Center’s decision to not take a position on lesbian rights; Federally Employed Women feminist group at TVA; sexual harassment at TVA; blacks and women’s token representation at TVA; lateral movement in her career because she fled discrimination and the inability to break the glass ceiling; relations between female staff and management at TVA; reflections on why women experienced advancement at a higher rate than minority men and women; participation in Knoxville’s Weekend Academy for inner city children; her experience as the Federal Women’s Program manager at TVA; the Knoxville Suffrage re-enactment parade; presidency of the Knoxville League of Women Voters.
4. U-0418 Sobieksi, Wanda. May 25 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Wanda Sobieski begins this interview with a discussion on childhood in Kansas City, Kansas; family involvement in General Association of Regular Baptists; college experience at Wichita State; marriage and re-location to Vermont; subscription to Ms. Magazine; cultural shock of moving from Kansas to New England; hard time networking with the wives of other male Dartmouth faculty; re-location to South; involvement in Knoxville Women’s Center; involvement in La Leche League in Knoxville; participation in consciousness raising groups; sex discrimination in admissions at University of Tennessee; master’s thesis on how feminine sex designates affect the perceived credibility of various sources; University of Tennessee at Knoxville Communications department decision not to fund her graduate career despite being most qualified graduate applicant because faculty believed she could not a good mother of two children and a good student at the same time; decision to go to law school as a response to discrimination experience at Communication Studies Department; divorce from first husband; CETA grants and Knoxville Women’s Center; lobbying for the Equal Rights Amendment on behalf of NOW; using her Baptists background to draw quotes from Bible in defense of Equal Rights Amendment; posting a re-written Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis for Women’s Rights on area church doors on Halloween.
5. U-0419 Waldvogel, Merikay. May 27 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Waldvogel discusses her childhood in St. Louis, Missouri; civic engagement in high school; Girl Scouts of America; experience at Monmouth College, a small Presbyterian school in Illinois; reflections on Vietnam War; 1968 study abroad year in France; experience teaching foreign languages in Chicago’s Southside public schools; decision to purse a Masters degree in linguistics from the University of Michigan; courtship and marriage to husband; re-location to Knoxville, Tennessee; her position as Program Director of the Knoxville Women’s Center; CETA grant money to help local women find jobs through the Women’s Center program Women’s Opportunity and Referral of Knoxville; editing the EVERYWOMAN newsletter of Knoxville Women’s Center; the Women’s Center Mural; Board members decision for Women’s Center to not take a position on abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment or lesbian rights; black women’s involvement at the Center; her protest of the 1982 Knoxville World’s Fair; participation in Women Against Violence Against Women; her interest, scholarship, and activism surrounding American quilts and quilt makers; reflections on what the Women’s Center meant to her in her own life.
6. U-0420 Weeks, Jane. May 24 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Jane Weeks begins with a discussion on her childhood in Birmingham, Alabama; family background; World War II Service in Navy; college education at University of Alabama, Birmingham; marriage to Robert Weeks; re-location to Knoxville, Tennessee; teaching experiences in Department of Sociology at the University of Tennessee; first Knoxville integrated summer camp directed by Tennessee Valley Universal Unitarian Church; civil rights activism; career as an instructor at area colleges including Carson Newman and UT; founding of a feminist consciousness-raising group in Knoxville; teaching first Women’s Studies course at UT Knoxville’s ‘free university’; Emily Passino and the founding of the Knoxville Women’s Center; the important role of Johnson’s Great Society for the Women’s Centers grants and funding; Women’s Center assistance in providing legal aide; racial divides experienced by Women’s Center volunteers, employees and clients; Women’s Opportunities and Referrals of Knoxville job training program; Women in the Arts programs; Sara Gould and the support of the Ms. Foundation for Knoxville’s Women’s Center; building an interfaith women’s organization in Knoxville; burn out following Women’s Center leadership; involvement in the Council of Appalachian Women; assertiveness training; feminist opposition from men; Women’s Centers refusal to take political positions on abortion and lesbian rights; role of Knoxville NOW chapter in local advocacy; decline of Knoxville Women��s Center; Annie Selwyn Award for Women’s achievement; the balance of career and family life; integration and the role of the Tennessee Valley Authority, Oak Ridge and the expanding University in progressive local politics; importance of the League of Women Voters; mentorship of her university students; experience teaching abroad at the American University in Beirut; Robert Weeks’s involvement in the integration of University of Tennessee at Knoxville.
7. U-0467 Chase, Harry G.; Chase, Patricia H. May 25 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Harry Chase (age 74), and Patty Chase (age 68), are a couple who live in Knoxville, Tenn. They are involved with organizations and groups that help rebuild homes in poverty- stricken areas of Appalachia. Together, they worked with daycare centers and organizations that benefit the young children living there. Harry and Patty Chase explain how they became interested in working for the benefit of others earlier in life. Harry Chase managed a thermal engineering company and made sure the employees were treated with respect and had equal pay. He also recalls witnessing the generosity of his grandparents toward local organizations in his childhood. Patty Chase was a teacher in Kentucky inner-city schools after attending Centre College and then went on to work as a volunteer most of her life. The two discuss getting married and joining the ADFAC (Aid to Distressed Families in Appalachian Counties) in 1998. Through this organization, they were asked to begin re-building homes in Campbell County. The couple traveled to additional towns of Tennessee and focused their efforts on improving the lives of children. Much of their work and their networks are church-related; they speak about their connections to other individuals, such as Bill and Marita Pratt, interviewed for this same series. Even though their own work is based in their religious beliefs, they say it is best not to put this at the forefront when working in the mountains, as many locals harbor long-standing grudges against missionary-affiliated volunteers who have long worked in the mountains. Harry Chase speaks mostly about his work with the children of the mountain region at the border of Tennessee and Kentucky. He explains his volunteering efforts as a CASA (Court Appointed Special Advocate). Harry Chase says that by collecting statistics of the area, he discovered the severity of family-life due to emotional and physical abuse and drug and alcohol prevalence. The poor educational system and violent crimes in the area also had a negative impact on the children. Due to these conditions, he assisted in changing a Methodist church into a daycare center in Jellico, Tenn. Together, Harry and Patty Chase describe how opening the daycare center was essential for the nurturing of children so they could be prepared for possible crisis in their future. The couple also stress the need for proper health clinics and psychiatrists to work with the children, as well as the need for attention from neighboring cities. Both Harry and Patty recall specific children to demonstrate the impact the daycare centers and the volunteer work were having on them. The success story of a young girl named Angela is discussed. As a third grader, Angela was taking care of her dying mother while her father was never around. She received nurturing and confidence from the love of her aunt, and food and clothes from the volunteer work of the Chases. At the time of the interview, she was earning her nursing degree at Lincoln Memorial University.
8. U-0468 Cirillo, Marie Eleanor, 1929- May 26 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Eighty-one year-old Brooklyn, N.Y. native, Marie Cirillo has spent the last forty-two years of her life as a community organizer in Appalachia. There she has worked closely with natives to the area to create independently run nonprofits, land trusts, women’s organizations, and living/learning centers. She spends this interview discussing how her background led her to community organizing and the successes and struggles she has encountered during her many years of work. Cirillo describes her childhood love of rural America cultivated by summers spent in her grandparents’ small Kentucky town and by others’ nurturing of her creative talents. As an adult, Cirillo joined an order of nuns, the Glenmary Home Mission Sisters, in Owensboro, Ky. She was part of a group of 14 former nuns who quit the convent in order to work in direct service to the people of the region, founding the Federation of Communities in Service (FOCIS) in 1967. For her work with FOCIS, Cirillo moved to Clairfield, Tenn. to work against what she saw as a tragic exodus of the population from the small town. Part environmental activist, part anthropologist, Cirillo fashioned herself as a community developer and strived to empower the community members to “rebuild their community according to their priorities.” She helped set up a series of rural medical clinics with the help of Linda Mashburn and later helped lead the community members to start their own nonprofits, which Cirillo saw as the best way to show the people of Appalachia the importance of their surroundings. In 1977, feeling that the Appalachian people were at the mercy of the large companies that owned most of the area’s land, Cirillo worked to create a 450-acre community land trust with the help of the Model Valley Development Corporation. Later, after realizing the impact of outside help from church youth and college students, she saw the need for a conceptual “living/learning center” to educate the volunteer population. Cirillo has also worked with dozens of other organizations, mostly Catholic and women’s groups. In the late 1970s her focus shifted to a growing women’s movement in Appalachia. She helped to unite several women’s nonprofits together to form the Rural American Women, which would later become the educational group The Mountain Women’s Exchange. Cirillo joined fellow organizer Jane Threet on the board of the National Congress of Neighborhood Women, an urban version of the Rural American Women that created living/learning centers in three different American communities. Her paid work would end with the Catholic Charities organization, a partnership that began well but quickly soured once Cirillo was told to change her work methods. Cirillo’s most recent work with the organization, In Praise of Mountain Women, reminds her that “this incredible disconnect between rural and urban is absolutely disastrous if we keep on going in that direction” and that a new, younger generation must continue the Appalachian people’s fight.
9. U-0469 Elledge, Sandra Majors, 1941- May 19 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Sandy Elledge, retired Executive Director of Episcopal Appalachian Ministries (EAM) and staff member for the Commission on Religion in Appalachia (CORA), discusses her experiences in southern Appalachia, emphasizing women-initiated grassroots movements and the role of churches in economic and environmental activism. She concentrates on the period of her employment from the 1960s to 1980s, but also briefly mentions her childhood in the 1950s. The majority of the interview is devoted to her description of EAM and CORA. EAM was a tripartite organization emphasizing education, advocacy, and mission work in Appalachia. As director, she coordinated other service groups, and fashioned EAM as a resource organization rather than one involved in direct service. She discusses specific examples of EAM’s impact in Appalachia, particularly their support of work camps in mining communities in and around south-west Virginia as well as their funding of community projects founded by women. EAM was financially dependent on various national organizations, and worked closely with CORA, an umbrella organization that provided a bridge between church resources and grassroots movements in Appalachian communities. She mentions Bill Troy, the resource coordinator for CORA, several times throughout the interview. Elledge emphasizes the importance of work camps in the Appalachian region and speaks about how EAM organizes work teams with members of varying age and socioeconomic and political backgrounds. These camps focused primarily on home repair; however, she recounts stories of several lasting relationships that developed between workers and families in the communities. Through her stories about the work camps, she emphasizes the importance of developing relationships between the volunteers and the inhabitants of the region as a means of intensifying activism in Appalachia and educating the general public about their economic and environmental struggles. Elledge talks about economic changes in the United States throughout her time with EAM and their effects on EAM as well as communities where EAM has intervened. She recalls periods where EAM has struggled financially and was forced to reevaluate its mission in Appalachia. She proposes that the economic turmoil of the age was strongly associated with the Long Civil Rights Movement, or the ongoing struggle faced by minorities as they fight for equality. Elledge says that most of the problems in the Appalachian region are inter-connected: for example, the environmentalists’ struggle against mountaintop removal is also related to the economies of mining communities. She mentions Pat Hudson and Don Kopec, who founded an an anti-mountaintop removal organization. Throughout the interview, Elledge describes the development of women-founded advocacy movements, highlighting Brenda Hughes and her Bradley Initiative for Church and the Community (based in Athens, Tenn.) as an example of the increasing amount of activism among women. She also discusses the Dungannon Development Project, an organization that began as a GED program for women that typically encompassed outreach in battered-women shelters.
10. U-0470 Murrah, William, 1945- May 25 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Bill Murrah of Knoxville, Tenn., is a social activist, community organizer, and theologian. He was involved in community development of poor neighborhoods in East Harlem, New York, and in Knoxville. Murrah discusses his activist roots in the segregated Deep South, and various communities and organizations he worked with to create change at the grassroots, community level. Born in Chicago, Ill., Murrah moved to a rural area near Scottsboro, Ala., as a young child. There, he attended segregated schools and the all-white First Baptist Church. At age 18, Murrah enrolled in Samford University in Birmingham, Ala. The 1963 Birmingham church bombing that killed four black girls gave Murrah his first glimpse of race-inspired violence, although he notes that the incident received little attention at Samford. In 1967, Murrah entered Union Theological Seminary in New York. While working as an intern in East Harlem, Murrah met Eric Lincoln, an influential member of the black religious community, who gave him direction in his pursuit of social justice. During his second year at Union, Murrah participated in many activist protests and organizations. During a year away from campus he pursued pastoral education at a hospital and became involved with underground journalism. After he had finished his theological studies, Murrah and his wife, Bingham Graves, decided to return to the South to focus on organizing poor white people. After a search for an appropriate southern community, they settled on a particular neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, where Murrah still lives and organizes. He discusses his early organizing work, including contesting local plans for funds from the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, causing those funds to be rerouted to substandard housing. Murrah helped establish the Fourth and Gill Neighborhood Organization, and the Inner City Neighborhood Coalition. He describes these neighborhood group as one of the most influential in the state. Among the other projects he worked on, Murrah joined the Knoxville Urban Ministries, working on community organizing and development, particularly with labor problems at the Huttenbaur meatpacking plant. In 1982, Murrah started work with Legal Aid. He founded the Solutions coalition, which has helped impoverished people become self-advocates for healthcare and fair labor practices. Nettie Ballinger, the leader of Solutions, worked with Murrah to take on other issues, such as community reinvestment; to this end, they persuaded banks to develop a twenty-million dollar community reinvestment program. Murrah worked on community reinvestment through the 1990s and into the early 2000s. Murrah’s career has culminated in the creation of the Community Economic Development Network of East Tennessee, which aids minority and poor groups, and led to the creation of the African American Heritage Alliance and a Hispanic chamber of commerce.
11. U-0471 Pratt, Marita.; Pratt, William R. May 21 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Interviewees: William and Marita Pratt Interviewer: David Cline Interview Date: 21 May 2010 Location: Clinton, Tennessee Length: 62 Bill and Marita Pratt are a married couple who currently live in Clinton, Tenn., where they work together at Bill’s law practice and do volunteer work with impoverished people in the mountains nearby. Both are white and grew up in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Marita received a BA and MA in elementary education from the University of Arkansas and taught at Jefferson School, which had the lowest socio-economic group of students in Fayetteville. Bill’s father was a mechanic with a third grade education, but insisted on education for Bill, who also went to the University of Arkansas, and later to law school there. Following a stint in the army, the couple settled in Knoxville in 1976, where Bill worked as an Assistant District Attorney. In the early 1980s, he moved to a new position in Campbell County, which covered many other Appalachian mountain counties, with a great deal more poverty than he had seen in the city. The Pratts adopted and raised three special needs children from the state foster care system. After the children were in school, Marita worked as a local newspaper reporter and then helped found a multi-church coalition to create food pantries. Out of that original effort has sprung a number of other programs, including health centers, Black Lung treatment facilities, a center for mentally handicapped children, and a battered women’s shelter. The Pratts also do a great deal of work with church-based volunteer camps. The two talk openly about how their own experiences raising troubled children and working in impoverished areas led them to their volunteer work. The interview ends abruptly as the recorder ran out of disk space.
12. U-0472 Reynolds, Kay, 1939- May 21 2010 No restrictions. Open to research.
13. U-0473 Anderson, Betty, 1936- August 15 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Betty Anderson was born in Scott County, TN on March 26, 1936. In the 1970s, she became involved with Save Our Cumberland Mountains, a social justice organization that addressed strip-mining and other community issues in Tennessee and Kentucky. She became a leader in the organization and eventually served as its president. The interview begins with Anderson describing her childhood in Smoky Junction, TN, where her father was a coal miner and her mother was a homemaker who ran the farm and raised eleven children. She then talks about her siblings and children and provides brief biographical information on each of them. Anderson tells the story of learning about strip-mining and the environmental justice organization Save Our Cumberland Mountains. She then describes various campaigns and memorable meetings that she participated in. She discusses how she became a politically-minded person and the influence of her father’s union activities. She discusses her career path, her job as a secretary, and how she perceived the women’s movement. She then talks in depth about the important roles that women played in Save Our Cumberland Mountains. This interview is part of the Southern Oral History Program’s project to document the women’s movement in the American South.
14. U-0474 Ansley, Fran. July 15 2009 R. Interviewee's permission required to quote. Fran Ansley spent her childhood in Atlanta, Georgia, where she was introduced to civil rights organizing. She eventually attended The Putney School in Vermont, and after graduating there, entered Harvard/Radcliffe College where she graduated in 1969. She received her J.D. from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in 1979 and her LL.M. from Harvard Law School in 1988. From 1988-2007, Ansley was Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee and is now Distinguished Professor of Law, Emeritus, University of Tennessee College of Law. Throughout her life, Ansley has been involved in civil rights, feminist, student, labor, and community organizing.The interview begins with key experiences that shaped Fran’s organizing career. She discusses life experiences that pushed her towards civil rights organizing and, later, Students for a Democratic Society. Fran then discussed when she became familiar with Appalachia and how working with Appalachian communities in Midwest cities impacted her. Fran discussed her involvement in the women’s movement, including her participation in a consciousness-raising group, membership in Bread and Roses at Radcliffe, writing an article for the first publication of Our Bodies, Ourselves, and moving to Tennessee and getting involved in the women’s movement and other activities there. She also talked about her personal views of the categories race, class, and gender. This interview is part of the Southern Oral History Program’s project to document the women’s movement in the American South.
15. U-0475 Ansley, Fran. May 25 2010 R. Interviewee's permission required to quote. This is the second of two interviews with Fran Ansley. The focus of this interview is her involvement in Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Economic Research and Action Group (ERAP). She discusses how she learned about SDS at Harvard-Radcliffe and how she decided to become involved. She describes an early meeting of Southern Students Organizing Committee and her decision to go to Cleveland to work in a community theater project run by ERAP. She discusses her experience working in Cleveland in detail, and then she talks about moving on to work with Join Community Union in Chicago. After graduating college, Ansley then met and worked with Anne Braden in the Southern Conference Educational Fund. This interview is part of the Southern Oral History Program’s project to document the women’s movement in the American South.
16. U-0476 Bell, Brenda. July 19 2009 No restrictions. Open to research. Brenda Bell grew up in Kentucky in the 1950s and 60s. Here she discusses memories of the Civil Rights Movement in Kentucky; relationship with family; feminism and the women’s movement in Nashville, TN; participation in a consciousness-raising group; involvement in the Appalachian Volunteers; rural and working-class women’s issues in her social justice work; Women in Black and transnational women’s movements; involvement in adult education; working at the Highlander Research and Education Center in New Market, TN. This interview is part of the Southern Oral History Program’s project to document the women’s movement in the American South.
17. U-0477 Bingman, Mary Beth. August 5 2010 R. Interviewee's permission required to quote. Mary Beth Bingman was an Appalachian Volunteer in the 1960s. She has been involved in various community organizing efforts throughout Appalachia. She is currently the Managing Director at Appalshop in Whitesburg, KY. She discusses her childhood in Knoxville, TN in the 1950s; her mother’s help in supporting an interracial day camp; attending the interracial day camp; parents views on gender roles; attending Mary Washington College; joining the Appalachian Volunteers; taking a class with Helen Lewis; organizing and attending the High Knob music festival; her views of feminism and the women’s movement; changes in Appalachia; peace activism. This interview is part of the Southern Oral History Program’s project to document the women’s movement in the American South.
18. U-0478 Carawan, Candie. August 18 2010 R. Interviewee's permission required to quote. Candie Carawan is a long time social justice activist in the South. She participated in the non-violent sit-ins during the black civil rights movement and went on to become staff at the Highlander Research and Education Center. She and her husband Guy Carawan have been instrumental in preserving and disseminating music from twentieth century social movements. In this brief excerpt from the interview, Candie discusses her definition of feminism and her participation in the women’s movement. She also talks about how the women’s movement affected the Highlander Research and Education Center and how the staff began to address issues of gender and sexuality. She describes the importance of cultural work in social movements. This interview is part of the Southern Oral History Program’s project to document the women’s movement in the American South.
19. U-0479 Colette, Marian. August 13 2010 No restrictions. Open to research. Marian Colette moved to the Cumberland Mountains in the 1970s to work with some of the Glenmary Sisters who were involved in community projects. She eventually became a central figure in Mountain Women’s Exchange, a women’s collective and education program in Jellico, TN. Marian Groover discusses how she came to move to Williamsburg, KY, near the border of TN in the Cumberland Mountains, to work with women on developing leadership skills. She discusses how Mountain Women’s Exchange developed, beginning with workshops and growing into an umbrella organization for a thrift shop, college programs, and job training. She talks about the main issues she saw in rural Appalachia, from insufficient housing to maternal health issues and strip-mining. She discusses her perception of the women’s movement and how her work relates to feminism. She describes the state of local politics in Williamsburg, KY, and her current community and political activities in the town. This interview is part of the Southern Oral History Program’s project to document the women’s movement in the American South.
20. U-0480 Creed, Victoria, 1949- August 2 2010 R. Interviewee's permission required to quote. Victoria Creed has lived and worked in eastern Tennessee since the 1960s and has participated in community and regional social movements in the region. The interview begins with Victoria describing her childhood in West Virginia. Her family moved around so that her father could find work. She describes her family as Appalachian migrants, and they eventually ended up in Memphis, TN, where Victoria attended high school. She describes being a young, Appalachian woman in Memphis in the 1960s, as well as desegregation and racial relations affected her school experience. In 1966, she moved to Knoxville, TN to attend the University of Tennessee. She discusses working to support herself while also trying to complete school. Victoria became a teacher and discusses her role in changing special education programs. She eventually gave up her teaching job to become an organizer for the Southern Appalachian Leadership Training Program. Throughout the interview, Victoria discusses how she moved in and out of social movements, including the civil rights movement, new left, and women’s movements. This interview is part of the Southern Oral History Program’s project to document the women’s movement in the American South.
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